Breaking the Unspoken Gender Rule Essay

â€Å"I continue attempting to coordinate my life. I continue attempting to make the entirety of the pieces into one piece. Subsequently, my personality turns into my body which turns into my design, which turns into my composing style. At that point I perform what I’ve written with an end goal to incorporate my life, and that turns into my character, after a design, (Bornstein, 1994, p. 1). † For Theatrical Writer and Author Kate Bornstein, conceived Albert Herman, being a sex prohibit is tied in with disrupting the general sexual orientation guidelines and generalizations. As per Bornstein and numerous other sexual orientation prohibits the current relationship of sex and sex is constraining in scope. Besides, sex in itself is a socially built belief system that neglects to relate sexuality past the limits of life structures. Bornstein gives the definite record of her change from a man into a lesbian lady. Also, Bornstein takes a gander at the issues encompassing attempting to build up oneself as per cultural sexual orientation jobs. She says that as a man she was persistently looking to â€Å"integrate† herself into the standards however at long last arrived at the resolution this was unrealistic. Bornstein isn't the only one. There are numerous transsexuals and sex prohibits that are experiencing their lives in resistance of regular sex related generalizations. â€Å"It feels like everything ought to have been clear when I think back. In any case, everything was so confounding as I grew up. It’s like one day I was missing and every other person was shown the pivotal parts of being a kid or young lady. I would lie in bed around evening time rehearsing and practicing how to be a kid, (Wyndzen, 1998, p. 1). † Both Wyndzen and Bornstein depict the enthusiastic parts of attempting to accommodate their transsexual bodies into a solitary sex social generalization. From a pariahs perspective the two of them give the setting that could make sexual orientation bans progressively reasonable for standard society. However, neither tends to what makes them not quite the same as the ordinary generalization. Esseintially both case to be characterized in an inappropriate sex classification dependent on their sexual genitalia. Both were brought into the world with the working pieces of men however mentally they related to ladies. For sexual orientation limit breakers, for example, Bornstein it has become an individual strategic show that sex in itself can not be arranged basically as male or female. In any case, researchers, for example, David Geary guarantee that sexual generalizations are precise. â€Å"Gender generalizations, for example, the conviction that men never help out around the house and ladies tattle, are commonly obvious, David Geary, a brain science educator at the University of Missouri finishes up in the wake of checking on in excess of 1,200 investigations by therapists, scholars and anthropologists, (Researcher Finds Gender Stereotypes to be Accurate, Part of Nature, 1998,  ¶ 1). As indicated by Geary, generalizations are established in nature and manners by which the species pull in the other gender. â€Å"The sexual techniques people use in their drive to multiply cause a large number of the cliché sex contrasts in guys and females, including physical properties and advancement, play designs, social conduct and improvement, child rearing interests, inspirational and passionate examples, subjective capacities, and mind structure and capacities, (Researcher Finds Gender Stereotypes to be Accurate, Part of Nature, p. 5). † Yet, Geary doesn't characterize the hazy situation which incorporates individuals who have an inborn sentiment of being arranged erroneously. Could there be a sexual orientation characterization for individuals conceived as guys yet who take an interest socially as females and the other way around? All in all, there are numerous instances of the enthusiastic demolition brought about by resolute sexual orientation order. What's more, in spite of the fact that there is proof that current sex generalizations have establishes in human intuition there is no characterization or class for transsexuals who either relate to the other gender as a wellspring of personality or who were naturally introduced to a questionable condition of sexuality. At present there is no sexual orientation classification for sex outlaws. References Bornstein, K. (1994). Sexual orientation Outlaw: On Men, Women and the Rest of Us. New York: Routledge. Specialist Finds Gender Stereotypes to be Accurate, Part of Nature. (1998). American Psychological Association, 29(19). Recovered from www. apa. organization Wyndzen, M. H. (1998). Totally turned around. Recovered April 28, 2009, from www. genderpsychology. organization

Contemporary World Final Essay -- essays research papers fc

Last Essay      The second 50% of the twentieth century has seen numerous progressions in political strategies, the economy, religion, and innovation. These have influenced one another. The investigation of the historical backdrop of mankind permits us to think back and gain from past achievements and mix-ups. In spite of the fact that innovation has took into consideration mind blowing correspondence and revealing the world over, as people do we utilize this to further our potential benefit and develop as better individuals? We keep on battling with instilled partialities and beliefs for other ethnic gatherings. As the development for assorted variety keeps on developing in today’s society, our most concerning issue we face later on could be the dividing of individuals. How we handle the progressions will give negative and positive outcomes.      When the United States was shaped, the diverse ethnic gatherings had a shared objective. They needed to fabricate a country of multiethnic gatherings partaking in like manner political thoughts. This was obviously expressed in the Constitution of the United States. â€Å"We the individuals of the United States, so as to shape an increasingly impeccable union†¦Ã¢â‚¬  fabricates a quick personality of citizenship among the individuals making union of the diverse ethnic gatherings. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, a French worker distributed Letters from an American Farmer during the American Revolution. In it, he responded to his inquiry â€Å"What then is the American, this new man?† His answer is â€Å"He is an American, who deserting him all his old partialities and habits, got new ones from the new method of life he has grasped, the new government he complies, and the new position he holds. The American is a renewed person, who follows up on new principl es†¦.Here people of all countries are liquefied into another race of men.† (Schlesinger, Jr. 12). The term mixture was instituted to portray the mixing of the new multiethnic culture in America.      However, ethnic gatherings settled together in territories and framed their own neighborhoods. In a various city like Chicago, this is unmistakably observed. Ethnic gatherings needed to keep up a portion of their convictions and ways even in America and being together helped them keep up their way of life. Presently, singular gatherings of ethnicity are looking for affirmation for their disparities.      The question regarding whether we can acknowledge the progressions with social div... ...e and ask that singular acknowledgment, love and generosity will beat a portion of the issues that emerge later on and we can live in harmony and put the past barbarities of ethnic purging, war, prejudice, socialism, and disdain behind us. The world’s future relies upon us to be tolerating and lenient of every others contrasts while having a shared objective of building financial security, reasonable political strategies and having a feeling of regular personality. In the event that history rehashes itself, we have not demonstrated we can do this. I might want to accept the most encouraging advancement on the planet is the arrival of protection. As people arrive at a more prominent attention to the earth’s draining characteristic assets, protection will turn into a lifestyle, instead of the expendable society we have been. In certain territories, for example, California where there have been earthy colored outs and the act of electric preservation has been constrained. As utility costs soar as we saw with the gas charges this past winter, our consciousness of protection will develop as it hits our wallets. Works Cited Schlesinger, Jr. Arthur. The Disuniting of America †Reflections on a Multicultural Society.New York:W.W. Norton and Company 1992.

How Depression in Children Is Treated

How Depression in Children Is Treated Depression Childhood Depression Print How Depression in Children Is Treated What Parents Should Know About Childhood Depression By Lauren DiMaria linkedin Lauren DiMaria is a member of the Society of Clinical Research Associates and childhood psychology expert. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren DiMaria Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Antoine Arraou / Brand X Pictures / Getty Images More in Depression Childhood Depression Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Psychotherapy Medication Lifestyle Alternative Medicine View All Back To Top When your child is diagnosed with depression, it can be a frightening time for the whole family. Deciding whether to start your child on medication to manage depression can be additionally confusing. However, with serious short- and long-term consequences of depressionâ€"such as poor social development, substance misuse, poor academic performance, and suicidal thoughts and behaviorâ€"it is important to find a safe and effective treatment for your child. Knowing the risks and benefits of medications and what to watch out for can help you make a confident decision for your child. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 3% of all children are diagnosed with depression. The majority of children receiving treatment experience a decrease in their symptoms within two months. It is recommended that children receive prompt treatment because of the potential for serious consequences of untreated depression. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for children with depression. While it’s often called talk therapy, it involves much more than a child and psychotherapist sitting in a room talking. Common psychotherapy formats can include individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy. Psychotherapists also use a combination of approaches that include:   Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): Helps children understand ways in which they use their words to battle whatever is going on inside of their headsCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Teaches children to understand harmful thought patterns and feelings that influence behaviorsDialectical behavior therapy (DBT): Helps children learn to live in the moment, better cope with stress, regulate emotions, and improve relationshipsInterpersonal therapy (IPT): Focuses on interpersonal interactions and problematic relationships and how they affect the child’s emotional stateMentalization based therapy (MBT): Focuses on the child’s ability to recognize thoughts, feelings, wishes, and desires and how they are linked to behaviorParent-child interaction therapy (PCIT): Real-time coaching sessions during which parents and children interact and therapist guides them toward positive interactionsPlay therapy: Using toys, blocks, dolls, puppets, drawings, and games to help the child recognize, identify, and verbalize feelingsPsychodynamic psychotherapy: Helps identify typical behavior patterns, defenses, and responses to inner conflicts and strugglesSupportive therapy: Offers support to manage stress, improve self-esteem, and pinpoint helpful and unhelpful behaviors Choosing a Therapist for Your Child The best way to find a good therapist is often via a recommendation from another parent or from your pediatrician. If you feel like things aren’t working or that your child is not clicking with the therapist, it’s well within your rights to interview a new therapist. Medication The type and severity of your childs depression play a role in whether or not medication is appropriate. For bipolar depression and moderate to severe major depressive disorder (MDD), medication is typically indicated, as is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. For milder cases of depression, like  grief reactions due to loss or a stressful life event, counseling and family support may be sufficient. Prozac (fluoxetine), an antidepressant, combined with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be an effective treatment for childhood depression. Research has found that fluoxetine combined with CBT is more effective than just medication or therapy alone.?? A combined treatment program may be the best treatment option for your child. Approved Antidepressants There are two antidepressants approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat childhood depression. Prozac (fluoxetine) is approved for use in children 8 years and older and Lexapro (escitalopram) is approved for use in kids older than 12. Fluoxetine and escitalopram are both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase the amount of serotonin in the body. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter (a chemical affecting brain functions) that is decreased in people with depression. Research comparing fluoxetine, sertraline, and escitalopram to placebo showed that these treatments were more effective than placebo.?? Off-Label Medications Additional medications to treat a bipolar disorder such as lithium, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may also be prescribed. These drugs are less commonly used in children because of their potential adverse effects and limited knowledge about their effects in children. These drugs not only target serotonin, but also norepinephrine and dopamine, which are also imbalanced in people with depression. First-Line Treatment Recommendations Cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy along with medications including fluoxetine, citalopram, and sertraline are the recommended first-line treatments for childhood depression.?? It is also recommended that treatment continues for a minimum of six months. Should Children Take Antidepressants? Warnings and Adverse Effects In 2004, the FDA released a warning that antidepressant use in children may put them at an increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behavior. However, the NIMH released a statement that the benefits of SSRI use in depressed children likely outweigh any risks. Additionally, the FDA explains that depression itself puts a child at an increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behavior. SSRI medications have the potential to cause manic episodes in some children (and adults) with mood disorders, a state involving elevated, irritable, or cycling moods. As such, it is important to monitor children for these symptoms. Common adverse effects of SSRIs are headaches, nausea, sleep problems, and jitters. Adverse effects of tricyclic drugs may be dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, difficulty urinating, low blood pressure and heart rate changes. Any unusual or worsening adverse effects should immediately be discussed with your childs physician. Following the prescribed treatment plan is essential. Medication should only be taken as directed and never stopped without medical advice. The FDAs Black Box Warning for Antidepressants How to Make Your Treatment the Most Effective It may take a few weeks of medication use there to be signs of improvement and 6 to 8 weeks for full impact. Chronic use of medication may not be necessary. Children on medication for depression should be closely monitored for improvement, adverse effects, and increased suicidal thoughts and behavior. You should expect to take an active role in your childs medication regimen. Explaining to your child exactly what the medication is for and how it may affect them may relieve some anxiety. Developing a medication routine and incorporating something enjoyable may decrease resistance. Communicating with your childs health care provider is also important. If appropriate, involving your childs teachers or additional caregivers can help in providing a supportive and collaborative recovery effort. Lifestyle Support and lifestyle changes can also help children find relief from symptoms of depression. Parents can help their children by encouraging them to make healthy choices and making sure that kids are getting the proper diet, sleep, and exercise. Healthy behaviors that can help with depression include: Eating a healthy, nutritious diet. Diet can have an impact on physical and mental well-being, so its important to ensure that your child is eating healthy and complete meals. Reduce or eliminate sugary snacks and drinks and focus on your child eating plenty of veggies, fruits, complex carbohydrates, and lean proteins. Getting enough sleep. Poor sleep quality and quantity can be a symptom of depression, but it can also exacerbate symptoms. Make sure that your child has the opportunity to get a good nights rest by establishing and maintaining a consistent bedtime and creating good nighttime routines. Researchers recommend that children use their bed only for sleep, they go to bed only when tired, and get up at the same time each morning.?? Things that may interfere with sleep, such as a phone or TV, should be restricted or removed from the room where a child sleeps. Regular exercise. Research has found that regular physical activity can be effective in both preventing and relieving symptoms of depression.?? A 2018 study published in The American Journal of Psychiatry found that just one hour of exercise each week could be effective for preventing future depression.?? You can help your child by encouraging them to be more active each day. Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) While some research on adults has shown the herbal supplement St. Johns wort may be effective in treating depression, there is not enough evidence supporting its use in children. The limited research available shows mixed results, with some studies finding no positive effects and others showing small benefits.   The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine states that there is not yet enough research to recommend St. Johns wort as an effective treatment for childhood depression.?? St. Johns Worts for Childhood Depression A Word From Verywell Childhood depression can be a serious problem that can affect a childs ability to function in many different areas of life. Fortunately, appropriate treatment can help kids cope with their symptoms and live a normal life. The best treatment for your child depends upon their symptoms and the recommendations made by your childs pediatrician or therapist, but often a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes can be an effective choice.

Learn How to Read a Barometer

A  barometer  is a device that reads atmospheric pressure. It is used to predict the weather by tracking atmospheric pressure changes resulting from the presence and movement of warmer and colder weather systems. If you are using an analog barometer at home or a digital barometer on your cell phone or other electronic devices in the U.S., you may see the barometric reading reported in inches of mercury (inHg). The International System of Units (SI unit) used worldwide is Pascals (Pa, which is approximately equal to 3386.389 times inHg), and meteorologists use the unit millibars (mb, or 33,864 times inHg). Heres how you read a barometer and what those readings mean in terms of changes in air pressure and what weather is headed your way. Atmospheric Pressure The air that surrounds the Earth creates atmospheric pressure. When you go up into the mountains or fly high in an airplane, the air is thinner and the pressure is lower. The air pressure at sea level at a temperature of 59 F (15 C) is one atmosphere (Atm), and it is the baseline reading for determining your relative pressure. Air pressure is also known as barometric pressure and it is measured using a device called a barometer. A rising barometer is one that indicates increasing air pressure; a falling barometer indicates decreasing air pressure. How Air Pressure Changes Changes in air pressure are also caused by the difference in air temperature above the Earth. Air temperature of masses is affected by what they are above: an air mass above continental landmasses has a different temperature than that above an ocean. Those differences create wind and cause pressure systems  to develop. The wind moves those pressure systems, and they in turn change as they pass over mountains, oceans, and other areas. The French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) discovered in the 17th century that air pressure decreases with height, and measuring air pressure changes at ground level at any one place can be related to daily weather changes. Often,  weather forecasters  refer to a storm or low-pressure area moving toward your region. As air rises, it cools and often condenses into clouds and precipitation. In high-pressure systems the air sinks toward the Earth and warms upward, leading to dry and fair weather. Changes in Barometric Pressure In general, the barometer can let you know if your immediate future will see clearing or stormy skies, or you are not likely to experience a change. When the air is dry, cool, and pleasant, the mercury or barometer reading rises.When it rises, it often means clear weather.When the air is warm and wet, the barometer reading falls.When the air pressure falls, it usually indicates some type of storm or wet weather is coming.If the barometer remains steady, there will be no immediate change in the weather. Predicting the Weather With the Barometer More specifically, a barometer with readings in inches of mercury (inHg) can be interpreted in this manner: If the reading is over 30.20 inHg (102268.9 Pa or 1022.689 mb): Rising or steady pressure means continued fair weather.Slowly falling pressure means fair weather.Rapidly falling pressure means cloudy and warmer conditions. If it falls between 29.80 and 30.20 (100914.4–102268.9 Pa or 1022.689–1009.144 mb): Rising or steady pressure means present conditions will continue.Slowly falling pressure means little change in the weather.Rapidly falling pressure means that rain is likely, or snow if it is cold enough. If the reading is under 29.80 (100914.4 Pa or 1009.144 mb): Rising or steady pressure indicates clearing and cooler weather.Slowly falling pressure indicates rainRapidly falling pressure indicates a storm is coming. Isobars on Weather Maps Weather researchers (called meteorologists) use a metric unit for pressure called a millibar and they define the average pressure of a given point at sea level and 59 F (15 C) as one atmosphere, or 1013.25 millibars. When a meteorologist points to a line on a weather map and refers to it as an isobar, she is referring to a line which connects points of equal atmospheric pressure. For example, a weather map will show a line connecting all points where the pressure is 996 mb (millibars) and a line below it where the pressure is 1000 mb. Points above the 1000 mb isobar have a lower pressure and points below that isobar have a higher pressure. That helps the meteorologist plot the coming changes in weather over the region.

Police Brutality a Violation of Human Rights - 980 Words

Police brutality is one of the most serious human rights violations in the United States and it occurs everywhere. The reason why I chose this topic is because police brutality happens all the time in the United States and still remains unrecognized by many. Additionally, the public should be knowledgeable about this topic because of how serious this crime can be and the serious outcomes that police brutality can have on other police officers and the public. The job of police officers is to maintain public order, prevent, and detect crimes. They are involved in very dangerous and stressful occupations that can involve violent situations that must be stopped and controlled by any means. In many confrontations with people, police may find†¦show more content†¦They prefer to keep all of those types of things private. Even if an officer is caught using excessive force, the bill of rights limit the abilities of a police commissioner or chief to suspend the officer that is being a ccused , and requires that the suspended officer continues to get their benefits and pay. Most of the time there’s nothing that can be done to properly punish an officer who abuses their power due to the fact that the officers won’t tell on each other. Newspapers, television stations and tabloids are getting involved in the sensitive subject of police brutality. It is more common to turn on a television or read a paper and see headlines like, â€Å"Police officer brutally beats a homeless man† for example. There are many cases of the police using excessive force and corruption within a department and even debates on whether high speed pursuits are necessary (Deshon, 2000). It can be that officers may not have a full understanding of their oath of office or the ethical code they attained. It could also be that they are corrupt cops. Officers go through training and in doing so are also educated on the ethical behaviors and oath of an officer. Police agencies all take the same oath. Police brutality in the United States, is a problem that must be solved. It all begins with the police and civilians trusting one another. Just like the words that can be seen on the side of an NYPD squad car, officersShow MoreRelatedEssay about Police Brutality1737 Words   |  7 Pages Police brutality remains one of the most serious and divisive human rights violations in the United States. The excessive use of force by police officers persists because of overwhelming barriers to accountability. This fact makes it possible for officers who commit human rights violations to escape due punishment and often to repeat their offenses. Police or public officials greet each new report of brutality with denials or explain that the act was an aberration, while the administrative andRead MorePolice Brutality1519 Words   |  7 Pagesfive centuries, black people have endured violence in many different ways. Today, police officers use deadly, excessive force that leads to inexcusable assaults, beatings and shootings. This demonstrates the governmentÐ ¢s role in initiating and prolonging racial suppression and provides the explanation for police brutality to become a federal crime(Black Radical Congress, 3). In history, racist violence, police brutality, has been used to sup press the racial blacks and to preserve power and privilegesRead MoreLife in Kenya Essay775 Words   |  4 Pagesa stand for human rights but is it necessarily enough to stop people from doing critical things to others. There are three specific human rights violations that should be recognized and handled in Kenya. 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The media has hand-picked the leading stories to share with you. We often ask ourselves, â€Å"were these shootings justified?† But during this time of heightened concern all around the world about policing, a more essential question might be â€Å"Were we justified in sending them?† We can sit here and over analyze multipleRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effect On Society1610 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality in the USA Police brutality has adverse effects on society in its entirety and, hence, there is need to stop these acts so as to improve cohesiveness and the observation of the law in society. Police brutality is an old problem that has been around in this country for many years. Unfortunately, civilians have experienced it in their thousands, suffering varying degrees of damages, ranging from injuries or even loss of their lives at the hands of the brutal police. Even more dishearteningRead MorePolice Brutality : A Nation Of Free And The Home Of The Brave1304 Words   |  6 Pagesserve. Police militarization in a post-9/11 era has led to constant tales of abuse of authority by police departments nationwide. The issue is threefold. First, police brutality is growing as a national problem. The people charged with making the streets safer for ordinary citizens are becoming the enemy of the people, the villains, who consider themselves judge, jury, and executioner. Secondly, even the smallest police departments are armed with military grade weaponry. And, thirdly, police regularlyRead MoreEssay 21110 Words   |  5 PagesENG-103(Argument Essay) Police Brutality has become a serious topic in today’s time being that every time you turn on the TV you see them mention another act of violence from the police and since that were in 2015, cellphone cameras are being used to capture every single second of it, so it won’t become he say, she say evidence. According to Salem Press Encyclopedia, police brutality is abuses of authority that amount to serious and divisive human rights violations involving the excessive useRead MorePolice Brutality And Black Victims1449 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod I would choose to live the United States while police brutality against african americans. But first, what exactly does police brutality define as? Police brutality is the wanton use of excessive force, usually physical, but also common in forms of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer. This paper will talk about various examples of police brutality that is directed towards civilians, and then the si de of police officers themselves. In particular, the cases of white

Harry Harlow Free Essays

Compare and contrast research by Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment This essay is looking at the similarities of two researchers into attachment. The aim is to present their work so as to compare and contrast the different approaches and techniques used by both Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth. Even though they both had their different techniques in carrying out their experiments, the conclusion of their findings was very similar and this essay will be showing these findings by contrast. We will write a custom essay sample on Harry Harlow or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both psychologists wanted to find out the underlying mechanics of attachment of mothers and their young. Firstly an American psychologist namely Harry Harlow who almost by accident started the most influential work in understanding attachment, fortunately discovered he was unable to carry out his original study regarding intelligence in rats, so he turned to the abilities of monkeys after seeing strange behaviour portrayed by the monkeys as he cleaned their cages. Subsequently he realised the fuss was being made from the extraction of the soft sanitary towels that were used in lining their cages. With this in mind he set out to prove the affection these monkey had for the sanitary towels was in fact â€Å"contact comfort† seeing as all their other needs were catered for and there was only adverse behaviour on the removal of the towels. He used rhesus macaques a medium sized monkey, which shares 94% DNA with humans â€Å"yet one must not be very careful how one interprets this genetic similarity. We share 50 per cent of our DNA with a banana†(Discovering Psychology, p. 204,2010). Harlow constructed two surrogate mothers for these babies to show affection or need. wire cylinder that provided milk, also in the cage was a structure made of wood covered in foam with a layer of towelling(also known as terry cloth in America). On viewing the action of the baby monkeys Harry Harlow confirmed his theory of â€Å"contact comfort†. He witnessed the baby clinging on to the terry cloth mother for comfort and only reaching for the wire surrogate for food then returning back to the terry cloth mother. â€Å"In another experiment he showed that the babies treated the terry cloth mother as a â€Å"safe base† (Discovering psychology, p. 07,2010) On displacement of the mothers the only distressing reaction came about on removal of the terry cloth mother with no reaction to the removal of the wire mother which produced food. Upon this observation â€Å"Harlow hypothesised that the tactile qualities of stimuli were more important for infant monkeys bonding then the provision of food†(Discovering psychology, p202,2010) So the previous assumption of the cupboard love theory was superseded by Harlows observation of contact comfort. However this conclusion was reach in monkeys and does not automatically prove the same in humans but does give a basis for the t In looking at Marry Ainswoth’s work on attachment it is seen there is a great difference in the subject and in the condition surrounding the research. Unlike Harlow who conducted his experiments in the controlled conditions of a laboratory, Ainsworth observed young babies from Ugandan families where she moved with her husband in 1953. Through the observation of the babies over â€Å"two hours every fortnight over a period of nine month†(Discovering Psychology, p. 16,2010) She witnessed that upon the mothers showing comfort to their young, the affection that was shown calmed them and stopped them crying, Ainsworth arrived at the conclusion similar to Harlow that the babies needed tactile stimuli or â€Å"contact comfort† the findings she reached coincided with the work of Harlow. She discovered that the displays witnessed and the validat ion of contact comfort showed infants became more confident to explore as long as the mothers were present, acting as a safe base in the same way the monkeys reacted to the terry cloth mother. This was shown through Harlows placing the monkey in an unfamiliar playroom, using both surrogate mothers. The positive reaction only came when the terry cloth mother was present, acting as a safe base â€Å"allowing infants to go off and explore or play, but also to rush back to if they felt threatened† (Discovering psychology,p. 207,2010) In comparison to Harlow’s work Ainsworth because of ethics could not separate the baby from its mother due to the damage to their emotional and psychological well being. So upon which she used the technique of observation to seemingly reach the same result as Harlow in that attachment is based on â€Å"contact comfort†. Also realising in her study the importance of a â€Å"safe base† to infants, as in the observation research carried out on the Uganda families â€Å"if the mothers were unresponsive and emotionally detached, their infants seem to cry a lot more and often seemed clingy or insecure†(Discovering psychology, p. 216,2010). We see the advantages of Ainsworh’s study in wanting to find out about attachment in humans, by studying humans. As well as showing more credibility into the mechanics of human attachment it also provided Ainsworth with the opportunity to develop a highly influential procedure called the strange situation because of the complexity of humans. This procedure consisted of a series of seven episodes involving three participants, namely mother, baby and a stranger. Page 3 personal identifier: C3257246 On completion of the procedure in the highly controlled environment (which limited the amount of emotional upset to the child on encountering and being left alone with the stranger that was constructed in one of the episodes) Ainsworth identified four different types of attachment in the infants used in the observation. While benefiting from the conclusion reached it was only on the basis of a single observation and did not take into account important factors such as the mood of the infants and how well they slept. The study also produced a further problem when the research was carried out in different countries revealing a great difference in the four types of attachment witnessed in her strange situation. This begs the question of ecological validity and how a controlled observation with a set of episodes is not the same for mothers and infants where these circumstances never arise, as in Japan the strange situation procedure never took place as it seemed to be inappropriate since â€Å"those mothers never left their babies in a room alone with a stranger† (Discovering psychology, p. 20,2010). However Harlow had his advantages too. The behaviour in non-human animals that Harlow used can be easier to interpret and to explain the results as unequivocal. Like Ainsworth Harlow carried out further experiments to strengthen the theory of a safe base now that contact comfort was established. In one of the further experiments â€Å"Harlow found that when the babies were placed in a large room full of toys they would curl up in a terrified ball if there was no mother or just the wire surrogate present†(Discovering Psychology, p. 07,2010) So even though we cannot be sure of the degree of findings on non humans and how applicable they are to humans, we see that the findings of at least â€Å"contact comfort† are shared with the observations of Mary Ainsworth. In contrast to the different approaches taken by both the physiologists we understand that ethics plays a major role. In the case of Mary Ainsworth we see the question of ethics need not be approached, even In her later research the strange situation. ll necessary procedures were put in place so not to cause suffering to the infants. The view on ethics taken by Harlow was quite inadequate and became cruel and inhumane which was not a surprising as Harlow did not have too much love for animals. He once said that all he cared about was â€Å"whether a monkey will turn out properly I can publish. I don†™t have any love for them. I never have† (Discovering Psychology, p. 212, 2010)unlike Ainsworth who morally complied and stopped her experiment immediately when the infant showed any sign of distress. Although there was not any ethical guidelines in place upon Harlow carrying out his research, the British psychological society states that â€Å"psychologists must be able to demonstrate that the benefits of a study justify the cost to the animal in terms of suffering†(Discovering Psychology, p. 211,2010) So the influential work carried out by Harlow could be argued â€Å"the suffering was justified because human society benefits greatly from the knowledge†. (Discovering Psychology, p. 212,2010) In conclusion this essay has shown the different approaches both psychologists took, By doing so the essay showed the similarity and differences of both studies. The essay showed that the main underlying issue in the two studies was of ethics and because of this the approaches were very different. However the influential work of Harry Harlow proved that â€Å"contact comfort† was the mechanism for attachment by showing systematically â€Å"that contact comfort was more important than food in the formation of attachment†. Discovering Psychology, p. 206, 2010) This essay also found the similarity in Mary Ainsworth’s studies without approaching the question of ethics, and like Harlow came to a similar conclusion of â€Å"contact comfort†,Also appreciating the safe base theory Finally this essay appreciates the discoveries made by both Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on producing relevant information through there respective studies. Word count 1518 References : Brace, n. and Byford, j. (eds)Discovering Psycology(2010), Milton Keynes, The Open University. * How to cite Harry Harlow, Papers

Commuters Cycling Behavior Response to Weather Variation

Question: Discuss about the Commuters Cycling Behavior in Response to Weather Variation? Answer: Introduction This report is about business cycle prediction in Sweden. Binary logistic regression method is used in this research paper for all the related statistical analysis. All the variables of interest are chosen with proper care and the significance of selecting each variable is analyzed and judged statistically. Researcher restricts the size of the test at alpha=0.05. In a binary business cycle operation, only 0 and 1 value are taken to predict outcomes. 0 value signifies an expansion in economic activities in a near future time period, 1 value codes the contraction in economic activity. The probabilities are derived from a number of variables that could have an impact on the real economy. Several related references are compiled at the reference list. Interpretation of log likelihoods If the independent variables have a relationship to the dependent variables, the ability to predict the dependent variable accurately will improve, and the log likelihood measure will decrease thereof. The model fitted on quarterly data and the results of predicted and observed values are tabulated under recession and expansion outcomes. Expansion shows 82% and recession shows 75% correct prediction, and the overall correct percentage is obtained 78.9%. Whereas in the case for monthly data, proportion of expansion and recession is 86% and 78.3% correct respectively. Over-all correct percentage is 82.6%. However, the log likelihood value for monthly data is 186.9, which is considerably large than that of quarterly data (68.2). Quarterly data model is thus, a better fit than monthly data model. Note: -2 log likelihood is termed as badness of fit. The value below 100 indicates good fit and value under 20 ensures very good fit (Scott and Varian 2014). Interpretation of classification tables In a binary classification, type I and type II errors are false alarms being positive and negative respectively. Not predicting a recession, which is likely to occur is type I error, and predicting the occurrence of false recession is type II error in this context. Almost 60% of total observations are correctly categorized in quarterly periodicity, and almost 56% of recessionary periods are properly categorized in prediction. The values for monthly periodicity are 76.5% and 75.9% respectively. Quarterly period has a proportional measure of 41% and the monthly period has the same measure of 21.2% in the context of the recessionary periods being false alarms. Monthly data consists of a sample size, which is three times larger than that of quarterly data at the same time span. For any economic decision to predict recession or expansion, researcher needs to know at least the information of past 3 months in advance (Billio et al 2013). Difference in variables between model The variables are used in both quarterly and monthly data models are the same but they differ in lag measures. The differences in selecting the variables in the sensitivity analysis are listed below in a table format. Quarterly data model Monthly data model Europe GDP(3) Confidence (3) Oil(4) Europe GDP(8) OMX(1) Oil(12) Confidence(1) OMX(1) Spread(1) Spread(1) Building(1) All the variables listed in the above table are statistically significant at 5% level. The values in the brackets indicate the time lag for each individual variable. Minimum three months lag is needed. Confidence (1), OMX(1), Spread(1) variable and results in quarterly and building(1), OMX(1) and spread(1) variable for monthly are thus not so statistically reliable (Hamberg and Verstndig 2009). Interpretation of the coefficients The Logit function for the quarterly data can be expressed as, Lq(X) = 2.7- 115spread(1) 4.2OMX(1) + 2.99Oil(4) 55europeGDP(3) 0.05confidence(1) The logit function for the monthly data can be formulated as, Lm(X) = 3.01- 103spread(1) 4.3OMX(1) +2.8 Oil(12) 65europeGDP(8) 0.07confidence(3) 1.73building(1). OMX, spread, confidence, building and Europe GDP variables are expected to have a negative sign. That means, the associated variable if increases, there will be a lower probability of falling into economic recession. Similarly, it can be stated that higher value of the associated variable intrigues higher probability to fall into recession. The Oil variable is likely to have a positive sign. If the price of oil increases, the problem can be depicted as a supply shock and it can be responsible to affect economy negatively. Analyzing the models researcher can claim that all OMX, spread, confidence, building and Europe GDP variables are associated with negative signed coefficients. In both the models, Oil variable is merged with positive valued coefficient. It can be concluded that both the models are fitted according to requirements and they are reliable (Tang and Shen 2014). Interpretation of the coefficients P-values Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis is called the p value of the test. To find the validity of Beta coefficients two types of hypotheses are formulated, they are Ho : beta equals to zero H1 : beta not equals to zero. Generally, the value of alpha is taken as 0.05. If the estimated p value is less than 0.05 or 5%, it provides enough confidence to reject the null hypothesis. In this analysis, not all the estimated p values are only significant at 5% level, they are so in the 10% level too. The null hypothesis that beta=0 can be rejected. In addition, the findings show beta values are not zero. It signifies the variables of interest in the particular study have some predictive powers. Largest beta coefficient suggests it has the greatest effect on the likelihood (Berge 2015). Time lags Time lag has an important implication in the forecasting model. Generally, a lag of 3 is considered as statistically significant. According to the definition, a model fails to predict any further into the fore coming than its terse lag. In this report, the shortest lag implemented is one quarter and one month for the monthly data. This suggests that the models should not be used to forecast any further events ahead than that lag. The Europe GDP figures here are lagged for two months. This fact confirms that a forecast implying a point of turning, which might actually appear at least three months earlier the actual GDP data has been published. Greatest impacts If the regression beta coefficient is positive, the interpretation is that for every 1-unit increase in the predictor variable, the dependent variable will increase by the non-standardized beta coefficient value.Largest beta coefficient suggests it has the greatest effect on the likelihood. From the logit model described above, a logit function can be derived as, P= eL(X)/ (1+eL(X)) Lower value of the logit function ensures less probability of falling into recession. The larger the beta coefficient is, it is likely that there will be more impact on recession. The coefficients with the OMX, spread, confidence, building and Europe GDP variables have negative sign. Proportion of recessionary periods correctly categorized in monthly data model is 75.9%, which is greater than that of quarterly. Monthly data model variables have thus greatest impacts and they are reliable to predict proper recession issue. Dichotomous In this type of analysis researcher tries to predict which variables in both models are likely to depict recession or expansion of the economy. The Europe GDP variable has a negative beta coefficient. Thus, if there is any increase in GDP, it will reduce the likelihood of the recession. OMX, spread, confidence and building variables too have negative beta value, so increase in all these variables will shorten the likelihood of recession. The Oil variable has a positive beta coefficient. Thus, increase in the Oil variable will also increase the likelihood of a recession. The variables in both monthly and quarterly data model are fitted properly with the expected signs. Researcher can justify that the models confirm that the current economy under study, is expansionary (Ahmed, Rose, and Jakob 2016). Report layout The time series predictors found in the in sample analysis are examined in contrast to the actual primary observations for the same time period. The integral model on monthly data explained above has a sample, which is three times larger as the one for the quarterly data model. By using this type of sample, monthly data model predicts almost 83% of the observations properly. In the out of sample prediction, the results from quarterly data can be viewed as weak. Comparatively frail out of sample forecast for quarterly model can be ascribed to the reduction of sample size. Conclusion As a conclusion based on the above discussions, researcher believes that the monthly data model consisting greater number of observations implements really well. The building variable is not significant enough with only (1) time lag. Other reason for the insignificance is building a house is a decision of long term and it should be planned in advance assorted years before the construction takes place in reality. Monthly data model ensures the findings in the main model excluding the building variable are indeed significant. The quarterly model is less sensitive to any changes in the dependent variable. A logistic regression model with the quarterly data set has multiple notable features. The results derived from the model should be considered as a guideline but not an absolute legitimacy (Scott and Varian 2014). References Ahmed, F., Rose, G. and Jakob, C., 2016. Commuters' Cycling Behavior in Response to Weather Variation: Insight from an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. InTransportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting(No. 16-5484). Berge, T.J., 2015. Predicting recessions with leading indicators: model averaging and selection over the business cycle.Journal of Forecasting,34(6), pp.455-471. Billio, M., Ferrara, L., Guegan, D. and Mazzi, G.L., 2013. Evaluation of Regime Switching Models for Real Time Business Cycle Analysis of the Euro Area.Journal of Forecasting,32(7), pp.577-586. Hamberg, U. and Verstndig, D., 2009. Applying logistic regression models on business cycle prediction.Unpublished master's thesis, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden). Retrieved from https://arc. hhs. se/download. aspx. Scott, S.L. and Varian, H.R., 2014. Predicting the present with bayesian structural time series.International Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Optimisation,5(1-2), pp.4-23. Tang, J. and Shen, L.P., 2014. Application of Business Risk Prediction Model: Based on the Logistic Regression Model.International Journal of Business and Management,9(7), p.139.